General Science (Biology) MP Patwari PDF 2023 English

General Science (Biology) MP Patwari PDF 2023 English

BIOLOGY

 Vitamins:

• Organic compound required in small amounts in the diet to maintain normal metabolic functions are known as ‘Vitamins’.
• Many vitamins act as (or) are converted into coenzymes; they neither provide energy nor are incorporated into tissues.
• These also regulate the Bio-chemical processes in the body.

Vitamins are classified into two groups

1.   Fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K). These are rich in liver cells.

2.   Water soluble vitamins (C, B-complex). These are present in much smaller amounts in cells.

Fat soluble vitamins:

Vitamin A:

• Vitamin A is also known as ‘Retinol‘.
• Deficiency diseases: Night blindness, redness in eyes (Exophthalmia), degeneration of lachrymal glands.

Vitamin D:

• Vitamin D is also known as ‘Calciferol’.
• Deficiency diseases: Rickets in children, Osteomalacia in adults.

Vitamin E:

• Vitamin E is also known as ‘Tocopherol’.
• Deficiency diseases: Sterility nutritional nuclear dystrophy, neurosis of heart muscles.

Vitamin K:

• Vitamin K is also known as ‘Anti hemorrhagic‘.
• Deficiency diseases: Blood coagulation is prevented, continuous bleeding occurs.

Water soluble vitamins:

Vitamin ‘B Complex’: Vitamin B Complex is a mixture of B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, and B12.

 Vitamin B1:

• Vitamin B1 is also known as Thiamin.
• Deficiency diseases: Beri Beri disease which affects the legs.

Vitamin B2:

• Vitamin B2 is also known as Riboflavin.
• Deficiency diseases: Dark red tongue, dermatitis, cheilosis occurs at the corners of mouth & lips.

Vitamin B3:

• Vitamin B3 is also known as Pentothenic acid.
• Deficiency diseases: Burning sensations of feet.

Vitamin B5:

• Vitamin B5 is also known as Nicotinic acid/Niacin.
• Deficiency diseases: Pellagra, dermatitis, diarrhea.

Vitamin B6:

• Vitamin B6 is also known as Pyridoxine.
• Deficiency diseases: Dermatitis and convulsions.

Vitamin B7:

• Vitamin B7 is also known as Biotin (also considered as vitamin H).
• Deficiency diseases: Dermatitis, blood cholesterol increases, loss of hair and paralysis.

Vitamin B9:

• Vitamin B9 is also known as Folic acid.
• Deficiency diseases: Anemia, inflammation of tongue, gastro intestinal disorders.

Vitamin B12:

• Vitamin B12 is also known as ‘Cynocobal amine’.
• Deficiency diseases: Pernicious anemia, hyperglycemia.

Vitamin C:

• Vitamin C is also known as ‘Ascorbic acid’.
• Deficiency diseases: Scurvy, delay in wound healing.

Human Diseases Caused by Fungi :-

• Ringworm caused by Microsporum, Trichophyton by direct contact from unbathed cats and dogs or objects handled by infected individuals.
• Athlete’s foot caused by Trichophyton by Bad foot hygiene where skin remains warm and moist for long period, fungi finds optimal condition, invade dead outer layer of skin.

Human Diseases Caused by Viruses ­

• Smallpox caused by Variola Virus by direct contact (droplets), indirected by infected articles.
• Chicken pox caused by Varicella virus by direct contact (droplets) indirected by infected objects.
• Common cold caused by Rhinovirus by contact.
• Influenza/Flu caused by Orthomixo­virus by contact (droplets) virus transmitted through discharge from respiratory tracts of persons infected with disease
• Mumps caused by Mumps virus by direct contact, virus in Saliva and secretion of nose invades salivary glands.
• Viral encephalitis caused by Encephalitis virus (arbovirus) by some domestic animals’ reservoir of virus, transmitted by mosquito bite to man.
• Poliomyelitis caused by Poliovirus by contact, houseflies, fleas, food and water.
• Rabies (Hydrophobia) caused by Rabies virus (Rhabdovirus) by Bite a mad (rabid) dog
• Dengue fever or breakbone fever caused by Dengue virus (arbovirus) by Mosquito (Aedes) bite.
• Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) caused by Human T­cell
• Lenkemia virus (HTLV­IlI) also called LAV (Retrovirus) by blood and sperm among homosexuals, heterosexuals, intravenous drug users, haemophiliacs, promiscuous individuals and prostitutes.

 Human Diseases Caused by Bacteria

• Septic sore throat caused by Streptococcus Sp by Bacteria infect throat and nasal membranes by droplets and direct contact.
• Diphtheria caused by Irregular rod (Corynebacterium diphtheria) by Bacteria infect respiratory tract by carrier, through contact, droplets and food items.
• Pneumonia caused by Diplococcus pneumonia by Bacteria transmitted to respiratory tract, including the lungs by droplet infection.
• Tuberculosis caused by Irregular rod (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) by Bacteria transmitted to lungs, bones and other organs by direct contact droplet infection, food and milk.
• Plague or Bubonic caused by Short rod (Yersinia pestis) by Rat flea spreads disease from rat to man.
• Tetanus or Lock­Jaw caused by Clostridium tetani by Bacteria in soil, enters through wound.
• Typhoid or enteric fever caused by Salmonella typhi by Flies, food, faces water and carriers.
• Cholera caused by Vibrio cholerae by Flies food, stools, water and carriers.
• Bacillary dysentery caused by short rod (Shigella dysenteriae)by Flies, food, faeces, water and carriers.
• Whooping cough caused by small short rod (Hemophilus pertussis) by Droplets protected during coughing and sneezing.
• Syphilis caused by Spiral­shaped organism (Treponema pallidam) by direct contact, chiefly sexual intercourse.
• Leprosy caused by Mycobacterium Leprae by long and close contact with infected persons
• Botulism caused by Clostridium botulinum by organism produces poison in food.

Human Diseases Caused by Protozoans

• Amoebic dysentery (Amoebiasis) caused by Entamoeba histolytica by Transmission from man to man through ingestion of cysts in drinking water vegetables and food contaminated with faeces.
• Diarrhea ‘Giardiasis’ caused by Giardia intestinalis by Transmission from man to man through ingestion of cysts in drinking water vegetables and food contaminated with faces.
• Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax by Transmitted to man by bite of an infected female auophelise mosquito.
• Sleeping sickness (Trypanosomiasis) caused by Trypanosoma brucei by Transmitted by bite of tse­tse fly

 Some Important Information & Facts Related to Biology

1.   Melvin Kelvin was awarded Nobel Prize for his work on Photosynthesis

2.   The largest flower in the world is Refflessia and the smallest one is wolfessia.

3.   Penicillin is obtained from penicillium Notatum.

4.   Reserpine derived from the plant ‘serpentine’ is used to alleviate high blood pressure.

5.   Plants, living in acidic soils, are called oxalophytes.

6.   Photosynthesis is most active in blue and red light in which light energy is converted into chemical energy.

7.   The smallest bone, lies stapes is found in the human ear.

8.   Enzymes are basically proteins.

9.   Mitochondria is called the ‘power house of the cell’

10.  Pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine gland.

11. Persons of blood group ‘0’ are called ‘Universal Donor’ while that of ‘AB‘ are called ‘Universal Acceptors’.

12.  Seedless fruits are formed by parthenogenesis.

13.  Simple plants that contain no chlorophyll are called fungi.

14.  Spirogyra is commonly known as ‘pond silk’

15.  The longest muscle in the human body is found in thigh.

16.  In a leaf, the opening between two guard cells is stomata.

17.  Gibberellins are responsible for cell elongation.

18.  The chemical name of chlorophyll is magnesium Dihydro prophysin.

19.  Bile is produced in liver and stored in gel bladder.

20.  All arteries, except pulmonary artery carry oxygenated blood.

21.  The main function of W.B. C. is to produce antibodies.

22.  Retina in the eye, acts as a film in the camera.

23.  Human tears contain a mild antibacterial agent, named Lysozyme.

24.  The biggest bone in the human body is femur.

25.  Vitamin B12 is almost never found in plants.

26.  Agrostology is the study of grasses.

27.  Phycology is the study of a algae while the study of fossils is called paleontology

28.  Hydroponics is cultivating plants without using soil.

29.  Palco botany is the study of fossils of botanical specimens.

30.  Pepsin & Lactose enzymes add proteins in the digestive system.

31.  The water soluble vitamins are vitamin B and C

32.  A chemical change in DNA molecule is called mutation.

33.  Glycogen acts as a short ­term food reserve in animals.

34.  Estrogen is a female sex hormone.

35.  The enzyme amylase aids in the digestion of starch.

36.  ATP synthesis takes place in mitochondria.

37.  70% of the body weight of a man is water.

38.  The tough transparent membrane that protects the eye ball is called cornea.

39.  Energy is produced in human body by Carbohydrates.

40.  Sugar is the product of the dark reactions of photosynthesis.

List Of Scientific Laws and Theories

Archimede’s principle – It states that a body when wholly or partially immersed in a liquid experience an upward thrust which is equal to the weight of the liquid
displaced by it. Thus, the body appears to lose a part of its weight.

Aufbau principle – It states that in an unexcited atom, electrons reside in the lowest energy orbitals available to them.

Avogadro’s Law – It states that equal volumes of all gases under similar conditions of temperature and pressure contain an equal number of molecules.

Brownian motion – It is a zigzag, irregular motion exhibited by small solid particles when suspended in a liquid or gas due to irregular bombardment by the liquid or gas molecules.

Bernoulli’s principle – It states that as the speed of a moving fluid, liquid or gas, increases, the pressure within the fluid decreases. The aerodynamic lift on the wing of an aeroplane is also explained in part by this principle.

Boyles’s Law – It states that temperature remaining constant, the volume of a given mass of a gas varies inversely with the pressure of the gas. Thus, PV = K (constant), where, P = Pressure and V = Volume.

Charles’s Law – It states that pressure remains constant, the volume of a given mass of gas increases or decreases by 1/273 part of its volume at 0-degree Celsius for each degree Celsius rise or fall of its temperature.

Coulomb’s Law – It states that the force of attraction or repulsion between two charges is proportional to the amount of charge on both charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Heisenberg principle (uncertainty principle) – It is impossible to determine with accuracy both the position and the momentum of a particle such as an electron simultaneously.

Gay-Lussac’s Law of combining volumes – Gases react together in volumes which bear simple whole number ratios to one another and also to the volumes of the products, if gaseous — all the volumes being measured under similar conditions of temperature and pressure.

Graham’s Law of Diffusion – It states that the rates of diffusion of gases are inversely proportional to the square roots of their densities under similar conditions of temperature and pressure.

Kepler’s Law – Each planet revolves around the Sun in an elliptical orbit with the Sun at one focus. The straight line joining the Sun and the planet sweeps out
equal areas in equal intervals. The squares of the orbital periods of planets are proportional to the cubes of their mean distance from the Sun.

Law of Floatation – For a body to float, the following conditions must be fulfilled:

The weight of the body should be equal to the weight of the water displaced.

The centre of gravity of the body and that of the liquid displaced should be in the same straight line.

Law of conservation of energy – It states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but it can be transformed from one form to another. Since energy
cannot be created or destroyed, the amount of energy present in the universe is always remain constant.

Newton’s First Law of Motion – An object at rest tends to stay at rest, and an object in motion tends to stay in motion, with the same direction and speed in a
straight line unless acted upon by some external force.

Newton’s Second Law of Motion – The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the force applied and takes place in the direction in which the force acts.

Newton’s Third Law of Motion – To every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Newton’s Law of Gravitation – All particles of matter mutually attract each other by a force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Ohm’s Law – It states that the current passing through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the potential difference across the two points provided the physical state and temperature etc. of the conductor does not change.

Pauli exclusion principle – It explains that no two electrons in the same atom or molecule can have the same set of quantum numbers.

Raman effect – It is the change in wavelength that occurs when light is scattered by the atoms or molecules in a transparent medium.

Tyndall effect – The scattering of light by very small particles suspended in a gas or liquid.

Diseases and its Affected Area

Parts of the Body Affected by Diseases

Diseases and Causative Agents

Important Information about Human Body

• Biggest Organ: Liver
• Heart Beat: 72 times in a minute
• Master Gland: Pituitary
• Number of Bone: 206
• Number of Muscles: 640
• Number of chromosomes: 46 or 23 pairs
• Normal Blood Pressure: 80 to 120
• Teeth: 32

The volume of Blood: About 7 litres in normal body or about 7% of the total body weight.

MP PATWARI NOTES AND STUDY MATERIAL: HINDI AND ENGLISH PDF

Read More: MPPSC Free Study Material (English/Hindi)

🤩Follow Our Social Media Handles

YouTube 👉 https://bit.ly/36wAy17
Telegram👉 https://bit.ly/3sZTLzD
Facebook 👉 https://bit.ly/3sdKwN0

Daily Current Affairs Quiz for UPSC, MPSC, BPSC, and UPPSC: Click here